Confidence, cash and tax cuts: The US M&A landscape in 2018
The US M&A market delivered another year of strong performance in 2018.
The political and economic backdrop may be unstable, but 2018 was a strong year for US M&A, especially domestically. However, a strong stock market cannot last forever, nor can a booming M&A market
US M&A enjoyed yet another busy 12 months in 2018. Deal value climbed by 15 percent and the domestic M&A market thrived. Overall domestic deal value was up 23 percent compared to 2017, and the ten largest deals of the year were all domestic transactions.
Steady economic growth, low unemployment and interest rates, and the billions of dollars released through the Trump tax cuts all boosted domestic dealmaking. In a survey of 200 M&A executives conducted for this report, more than three quarters see the US as the most attractive M&A market in 2019, and 80 percent expect the US economy to continue expanding over the next year.
But while there is plenty of reason to be optimistic, the positive deal and economic figures can obscure growing concerns that the cycle may be close to its peak. Stock markets have been more volatile this year and businesses are worried about the impact of the Trump administration’s actions.
More than half of respondents to the survey expressed their opposition to new laws that give the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) more powers to block inbound deals, and a third say they are worried about what escalating trade tensions between the US and China mean for their prospects. In what is supposed to be a strong seller’s market, the fact that close to a third of those we surveyed have suffered lapsed deals is further cause for caution.
As we go into 2019, there will be much for dealmakers to look forward to. Technology continues to transform the way businesses operate and will remain a reason to transact. The economy is still in good shape too, which will sustain confidence.
Dealmakers will not feel the need to sit on their hands just yet but will need to approach prospective deals with a degree of caution over the next 12 months to mitigate against the inevitable recession and stock market pullback.
The US M&A market delivered another year of strong performance in 2018.
Private equity buyout activity saw an increase in 2018, with volume rising 6 percent to 1,361 deals and value up 7 percent to US$214 billion.
We surveyed 200 executives on their views about the future of M&A and found that most remain optimistic about 2019
TMT and energy were the top two sectors by value; fintech is poised to invigorate dealmaking in the financial services sector.
After a period of frenetic dealmaking in technology over the last few years, which saw businesses across all industries scramble to adjust to the rapid shifts driven by digitalization, 2018 has seen value climb in the tech M&A sector
Digital disruption and its impact on physical retailers once again weighed on the consumer sector in 2018. Consumer M&A volume was down 13 percent year-on-year to 465 deals in 2018. Value decreased 28 percent to US$119 billion
Financial services sector M&A volume decreased by 6 percent to 461 deals in 2018, with value decreasing 48 percent to US$80.2 billion. But there are signs that the sector’s M&A market is moving in the right direction going into 2019
A stable oil price (for the majority of 2018) saw deal value climb in the energy, mining and utilities sector in 2018, despite volume falling
Real estate M&A value jumped 116 percent to US$74.9 billion in 2018, with deal volume staying flat at 46 deals
Although deal volume and value in the pharma, medical and biotech sector fell in 2018, down by 3 percent to 580 deals and 27 percent to US$111.8 billion respectively, pharma companies have invested aggressively in strategic deals throughout the year
In the second half of 2018, the Delaware courts once again produced decisions that will guide M&A transactions in the future
In 2018, the US M&A market has seen marked robust domestic activity and a strong tech sector but declining inbound dealmaking. We examine the four key factors that could characterize 2019
In the second half of 2018, the Delaware courts once again produced decisions that will guide M&A transactions in the future
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Three cases affecting US M&A stood out in 2018.
The Delaware Supreme Court recently affirmed a first-of-its-kind decision by the Delaware Chancery Court, ruling that German pharmaceuticals company Fresenius Kabi AG was not required to close its US$4.3 billion merger agreement with pharmaceutical company Akorn Inc. because, after signing, Akorn suffered a Material Adverse Effect.
In April 2017, Fresenius entered into a merger agreement to acquire Akorn. Under the agreement, Fresenius agreed to acquire Akorn for US$34 per share, subject to certain customary closing conditions, including Akorn not suffering an MAE and Akorn’s representations being true and correct at closing except as would not reasonably be expected to have an MAE.
Immediately after signing the agreement, despite showing persistent growth over the previous five years, Akorn’s financial performance “dropped off a cliff” (for the full year 2017, Akorn’s revenue, operating income and earnings fell by 25 percent, 105 percent and 113 percent respectively).
Moreover, in October of 2017, Fresenius received anonymous whistleblower letters alleging pervasive flaws in Akorn’s data integrity systems, and, after engaging an investigative team that found significant issues, Fresenius notified Akorn that it was terminating the agreement. In response, Akorn filed a claim against Fresenius in the Chancery Court requesting specific performance of the merger, while Fresenius counterclaimed that it had terminated the agreement in accordance with its terms.
The Chancery Court ruled that Fresenius had properly terminated the merger agreement. In determining that Akorn had suffered an MAE, the Chancery Court noted that an MAE must “substantially threaten the overall earnings potential of the target in a durationally significant manner”, and that the relevant period is “measured in years rather than months”—Akorn’s downturn had subsisted for a year and showed no signs of abating.
In also determining that Akorn had breached its representation to be in full compliance with its regulatory obligations, and such breach would reasonably be expected to result in an MAE, the Chancery Court noted that Akorn’s regulatory issues were both qualitatively and quantitatively material (US$900 million in this case, which was a 21 percent decline in Akorn’s implied equity value)—however, the Chancery Court stressed that it was not establishing a “bright-line test”.
The Supreme Court affirmed the Chancery Court’s findings concerning the occurrence of an MAE, though specifically declined to “address every nuance of the complex record”.
Importantly, the Akorn decision is regarded as the first Delaware decision to find that a buyer may use an MAE clause to terminate an acquisition. On the one hand, the case demonstrates the extreme circumstances that are required before a buyer may use an MAE clause to terminate an acquisition. However, on the other hand, it also demonstrates the importance of carefully drafting and negotiating a provision in an acquisition agreement that many parties have traditionally regarded as being merely formalistic.
In an important appraisal decision, the Chancery Court rejected the argument of certain shareholders of digital technology business Solera Holdings, that the value of their shares when exercising appraisal rights should be calculated solely using a discounted cash flow analysis. The court instead concluded that the deal price, which was achieved in an arm’s-length and open sales process, after adjusting for synergies, was the most reliable evidence of the fair value of the shareholders’ shares.
After Vista Equity Partners acquired Solera at a price of US$55.85 per share, certain of Solera’s shareholders exercised appraisal rights requesting that the Chancery Court determine the fair value of their shares. Such shareholders argued that the fair value of their shares was US$84.65 based on a discounted cash flow analysis. Meanwhile, Solera argued that the fair value was the deal price less synergies, which was US$53.95 per share.
The Chancery Court decided in favor of Solera. In reaching a conclusion that the deal price less synergies was the appropriate method of determining fair value, the determinative factors included the following:
With respect to synergies, the Chancery Court agreed with Solera’s argument that a financial buyer, like a strategic buyer, could realize synergies in connection with a transaction, and subtracted the estimated synergies of US$1.90 from the deal price of US$55.85 in reaching its conclusion that the fair value of Solera’s stock was US$53.95 per share.
The decision should give increased comfort to buyers that the deal price in an arm’s-length transaction from a fair and open sales process will be given significant deference by Delaware courts in appraisal proceedings.
In addition, the decision shows that in certain circumstances, financial buyers can argue that the fair value of a shareholder’s shares in appraisal is, in fact, less than the deal price based on the synergies that the financial buyer expected to realize from the transaction.
The Delaware Supreme Court clarified the circumstances under which a party can obtain the benefit of business judgment rule treatment (and avoid the more stringent “entire fairness” standard) in connection with controlling stockholder transactions.
In Kahn v. M&F Worldwide Corp (“MFW”), the Supreme Court had previously ruled that the business judgment rule applies to a controlling shareholder transaction if such transaction is conditioned “ab initio” upon the approval of the informed vote of a majority of the minority shareholders and upon the approval of an independent special committee of directors.
In the October 2018 case of Flood v. Synutra International, Inc, the Supreme Court clarified that the controlling shareholder satisfied MFW’s “ab initio” requirements by conditioning the transaction on such requirements before substantive economic negotiations had begun.
In Flood, Liang Zhang and his affiliates controlled 63.5 percent of Synutra’s stock. In January 2016, Zhang wrote a letter to the Synutra board proposing to take the company private, but did not provide that such transaction would be conditioned on the safeguards established in MFW (i.e., the informed vote of a majority of the minority shareholders and the approval of an independent special committee of directors). One week after receipt of the letter, the board formed a special committee to consider the offer, and one week after that, Zhang sent a second proposal with the same economic terms, but this time conditioning his offer on the MFW procedural safeguards. After another eight months, the special committee and Zhang agreed on a price of US$6.05 per share.
The plaintiff minority shareholders argued that because the MFW procedural safeguards were not included in Zhang’s initial letter, the “ab initio” requirement of MFW was not satisfied and as such, the business judgment standard of reviewing the transaction had been forfeited.
The Supreme Court affirmed an earlier Chancery Court decision that the business judgment rule applied. The Supreme Court ruled that “ab initio” should not be understood as meaning any fixed point in time, but should be understood as meaning the early stages of a transaction up until substantive economic negotiations commence. In this case, the committee only began substantive negotiations with Zhang regarding price after seven months of due diligence, so economic negotiations had clearly not begun until after Zhang sent his second proposal, which conditioned his offer on the MFW procedural safeguards.
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